Avisena Specialist Hospital Logo
Appointments +(603) 5515 1966
General Line +(603) 5515 1888
Highlights / Articles

Articles

July 31, 2024

Haematuria (Blood in Urine) Explained

Haematuria, or blood in the urine, can be a concerning symptom that may indicate a serious underlying condition. It is important to understand the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for haematuria to effectively manage your health.

This guide will help you navigate this symptom and know when to see a doctor.


What is Haematuria?

Haematuria is the presence of red blood cells in the urine. There are two types of haematuria:

Gross Haematuria

Visible blood in the urine that changes its colour to pink, red, or brown. It can be seen with the naked eye.

Microscopic Haematuria

Blood in the urine that is not visible to the naked eye but can be detected under a microscope or with a urine test.


Causes of Haematuria

Haematuria can be caused by a wide range of conditions, from benign to serious. Here are some of the most common causes:

  • One common cause of haematuria is urinary tract infections (UTIs), which can lead to inflammation and bleeding in the bladder lining.
  • Kidney stones may also result in haematuria when they irritate the urinary tract walls as they pass through.
  • Injuries to the kidneys or bladder from accidents or trauma can also cause blood in the urine.
  • Additionally, certain medications such as blood thinners or anti-cancer drugs may contribute to haematuria as a side effect.
  • Lastly, more serious conditions like kidney disease or cancer can lead to haematuria and should not be ignored if suspected.

Symptoms Associated with Haematuria

In addition to the presence of blood in the urine, other symptoms may accompany haematuria, depending on the underlying cause:

  • Pain or Burning Sensation: Often indicates UTI or bladder stones.
  • Frequent Urination: Common with UTIs, issues with prostrate, or bladder stones.
  • Flank Pain: Suggestive of kidney stones or kidney infections.
  • Fever and Chills: Indicate an infection, such as pyelonephritis.
  • Difficulty Urinating: Common in men with prostrate issues or urethral stricture.
  • Swelling: In extreme cases, indicating possible kidney disease.

When Should You See a Doctor

Consult a doctor if you notice pink, red, or brown urine, have persistent microscopic haematuria, experience accompanying symptoms, have a history of urinary tract issues, have a family history of kidney disease or cancer, or if post-exercise haematuria does not resolve with rest.


Diagnosis of Haematuria

Diagnosing the cause of haematuria involves several steps, including medical history, physical examination, and various tests:

Medical History and Physical Examination

The doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, and family history of kidney issues. They will also conduct a physical exam to check for any abnormalities in the abdomen and pelvic area.

Urine Tests

Urinalysis checks for protein, bacteria, and abnormalities in urine. Urine culture identifies bacteria causing haematuria. Urine cytology detects cancer cells in urine samples.

Blood Tests

CBC is done to check for infection or anaemia, while kidney function tests look at creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels to evaluate kidney health.

Imaging Studies

Ultrasound is used to check for kidney stones, tumours, or abnormalities, CT scans provide detailed images of the urinary tract, and MRI is used for detailed soft tissue imaging.

Cystoscopy

A procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera (cystoscope) is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to examine the bladder and urethra for abnormalities.

Kidney Biopsy

In certain cases, a kidney biopsy may be performed to obtain a small sample of kidney tissue for microscopic examination to diagnose kidney disease.


Treatment Options for Haematuria

The treatment of haematuria depends on its underlying reason. Here are some common treatment approaches based on different causes:

Urinary Tract Infections

If blood in urine is caused due to UTI, antibiotics are prescribed to eliminate the bacterial infection. Completing the full course of antibiotics is crucial to prevent recurrence. Drinking plenty of fluids helps flush out bacteria from the urinary tract.

Kidney Infections

Severe kidney infections may require intravenous antibiotics and hospitalization. Ensure the infection is fully resolved with follow-up urine tests.

Kidney or Bladder Stones

In such cases, medications are given to manage pain and discomfort. Increased fluid intake Helps in passing small stones naturally.

For larger stones, procedures like shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy may be required.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Alpha-blockers or 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors to reduce prostate size and improve urine flow. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or other surgical procedures are suggested for severe cases.

Kidney Disease

Depending on the type of kidney disease, medications are used to control blood pressure, reduce proteinuria, or manage symptoms. Dietary modifications and managing underlying conditions like diabetes or hypertension can prove to be effective.

Cancer

If the underlying reason is cancer, a range of treatment options may be used such as:

  • Surgery: Removal of tumours or affected areas in the bladder, kidney, or prostate.
  • Radiation Therapy: Using high-energy radiation to target and kill cancer cells.
  • Chemotherapy: Drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells.
  • Immunotherapy: Boosting the body’s immune system to fight cancer.

How Can You Prevent Haematuria?

While not all cases of haematuria can be prevented, certain lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of conditions that cause blood in the urine:

  • Staying well-hydrated helps maintain urinary tract health and prevents the formation of kidney stones.
  • Eating a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, lean proteins and whole grains supports overall health, including kidney function. Excessive salt and protein intake can contribute to kidney stones.
  • Regular physical activity promotes overall health but avoid extreme exercise that can cause haematuria.
  • Proper genital hygiene, especially after using the restroom or sexual activity, reduces the risk of bacterial infections. Urinating regularly helps flush out bacteria from the urinary tract.
  • Smoking can irritate the bladder and increase the risk of haematuria. Smoking is also a significant risk factor for bladder cancer and other urinary tract issues.

A Final Word

Haematuria or blood in the urine, should never be ignored as it can indicate serious conditions such as kidney disease or cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications. Regular check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can help maintain urinary tract health. If you notice blood in your urine, consult a healthcare provider for timely care.



Back to All Highlights